Application of textile fiber

All textile materials possess some type of performance and function. Performance is generally defined as the resistance against a physical stimulus and/or chemical stimulus caused by different constraints. On the other hand
the function is the action of induction or conversion of quality or change in quantity under the influence of an outer stimulus. Based on the performance and function, the textiles can be classified into four categories. Those are

Apparel textiles

It deals with all the textile materials used for clothing like men's wear, women's wear, children's wear, sport's wear.

Interior textiles

It deals with the materials exclusively used in the home, other than clothing like bedding, quilt Interior textiles These materials are used for more comfort properties like curtains, carpets, upholstery cloth, cords, laces, etc.

Technical textiles

Technical textiles come in a wide variety as the required performance and function differ in association with the extensive range of application purposes. Because of this diversity, technical textiles are classified into the following SIx groups as per the area of application. Those are:

1) Mobile textiles,

2) Geotextiles,

3) Industrial textiles,

4) Construct textiles,

5) Medical textiles and

6) Safety textiles.

Mobile Textiles

These types of textile materials are used for thermal insulation, soundproofing, cushioning materials. Some examples of these materials are: non-wovens, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, reinforcing fibers for plastics, upholstery materials, sheets, canvas, etc. used for automobile, aerospace and marine products.

Geotextiles

These types of materials are used for filters, wind breaking nets, geotextiles in civil engineering, waterways, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining Some of the examples are: textiles for earth works, road making, subsoil stabilization, river/canal bank protection, underwater structures, sacks, netting, tarpaulin, gardening, and erosion protection fabrics.

Construct textiles

These textile materials are used for surface and underground construction, foundation construction, bridge construction and building construction like roofing sheets, wall covering, etc. Some of the textile materials are textile material for interior decoration, sheets, roof sheeting, scan-blind textiles, tent fabrics, acoustic protection screens, temporary building.

Industrial textiles

These textiles materials are used for electrical, chemical, plastic processing, and packaging industries as a protective covering, filters and thermal insulating materials. Some of the textile materials are: Filters, composites, heat and cold protection textiles, antistatic textiles, hoses, netting, insulating textile, backing materials for coatings, laminated films, etc.

Medical textiles

These textile materials are used for hospital equipment, sanitary, medical care and health care like bandages, artificial blood vessels, masks, surgical wear. Some of the examples are hospital bedding and sheets, bandaging materials, hygiene nonwovens, textile products for surgery, operating sheets, doctors and nurses' clothing.

Safety textiles

These textile materials are used for protective wear, safety equipment, military outfits for the purpose of protection. Some of the materials are: heat protection clothing, military clothing, bulletproof materials, chemical protective clothing, and equipment, protective non-clothing and textile packaging.

Presently technical textiles are classified into 14 groups as per their field of application. Those are:

1) Air and space,

2) Traffic and transport,

3) Packaging and conveyance,

4) Information and communication,

5) Agriculture and forestry,

6) Engineering works,

7) Construction,

8) fishing and marine,

9) Health and medicine,

10) Sport and leisure,

11) Production,

12) Resources and energy,

13) Armaments and defense and

14) Others.

In conclusion, textiles had been started mainly for apparel textiles or clothing. But with the progress of science, the capabilities of imaginations and dreams, the realization of the dream into hopes, synthetic fibers with different performance and functional properties came into existence. This improves high-value addition and functional improvements of textiles and textile goods. This is not the land; there are great expectations for the development of applications in new fields. 

Knitting

Knitting,

Knitting is one of the processes converting raw material into the fabric. In knits either it is warp knits or weft knits. (In woven it's the combination of warp and weft) People in India called Hosiery.

it's wrong as Hosiery means hose ( pipe) when anyone says Hosiery it means socks, slacks, vest ( without side seam) Weft knitting is also known as circular knits In knitting, we normally ask in which gauge this fabric is made of.

The number of needles in 1" is called it's gauge Finer gauge is 28 (tee-shirt) are made in this gauge. If the number is less e.g. 18 it's coarser. There are different machines eg sin- gal Jersey fabric is made with one set of needles in the cylinder of the machine.

When we say interlock fabric it's made of 2 sets of needles.
in interlock, this fabric is made with 2 sets of needles short and long in cylinder & similar in dial 2 set of needles l.e long & short. If we remove one set of needles from cylinder & dial fabric becomes rib 1 x 1, this is used for neck& sleeve of tee-shirt.

Nowadays it is added with spandex or eglantine. ( people says Lycra pl note Lycra is a brand name) In rib fabric front and back looks same but if one is adding elastane there is a indication of front and back. if u pull the fabric and see shine elastane this will be back or inner part, another side will not show shine elastane & that is shell side or outer side of the fabric

There are different type of knits: S.jersey, interlock, jacquard, eyelets, drum machine, and many more There are different names were given to the type of knits e.g polo- pique which is very famous for men's tee-shirt.

Term of knitting

Term of knitting

makes the fabric more compact and offers better dimensional stability and shape retention Sometimes it also improves the bulk of the fabric (cardıgan is an example), 1e thickness of the fabric Meneses Tuck stitch structure is generally less extensible and porous in nature The tuck stitch can also be used for one or more of the followings:

Patterning and fancy effects by using colored yams Making heavier fabric Introducing special type of yam (flexible, thick, etc.) Reducing laddering tendency in sıngle knit structures Marking the panels of garments for sıze or the cutting lines of armhole, neck, etc Floating and float loop (or missing and miss loop):

If during rising, needle reaches to such a height that neither the old loop is cleared nor the needle hook Can catch new yarn during downward movement, then the old loop Is not cast-off but retained in the hook as well as no new loop is formed.

This situation is called floating The yarn passes under the noodle and remains straight between the neighboring loops The straight yarn connecting two nearest loops knitted from is called float or miss loop.

The missed yarn floats freely on the reverse side of the held loop which is the technical back of the single jersey structures but is the middle of the rib and interlock structures The held loop is extended in wale dırection until a knitted loop is formed Structures incorporating float stitches tend to exhibit faint horizontal lines, they are narrower because the wales are drawn closer together

Float stitches also reduce the widthwise plasticity and improves the dimensional stability Continuous float for a maximum of SIx adjacent needles is generally practiced Float stitch provides a convenient way of hiding colored yarns at the back of the fabric when they do not knit at the face Combination of knitted and short float produces a fabric that does not ravel from the edge and for this reason they are used in welts of stockings


Fabrics made with float stitches are as follows: Thinner and lighter than tuck stitched or normally knitted one Narrower and less extensible Flimsy or less rigid

The Course

A course is a horizontal row of loops produced by all the adjacent needles during the same knitting level It is equivalent to a pick or weft yarn in a woven fabric It is expressed as courses per inch (epi) or courses per centimeter (c p.cm) Fabric is produced by makıng courses in consecutive order Number of loops in a course is equal to the number of needles in operation 9.3.3

The wale

A wale is a vertical column of loops made by the same needle in successive knitting levels. It s equivalent to warp end in a woven fabric. It is expressed as wales per inch (wpi) or wales per centimeter (wp cm ) The total number of wales in a fabric is obtained from the total number of needles in operation

LOOP LENGTH AND COURSE LENGTH

Length of yarn contained in a loop is called loop length or stitch length Course length is the length of yarn required in the production of a course Course length is obtained by multiplying the stitch length with the number of noodles involved in the production of the course It can be measured at a yam food during knitting or by unloving the yam from the knitted fabric

A PATTERN

Row autumn row is a horizontal a row of needle loops produced by adjacent needles 

KNITTING DENSITY

density Is the total number of loops in a unit area such as a square inch or a square centimeter e obtained by multiplying the number of courses and wales per inch or centimeter teether Cop  wales per inch and stitch density are the most important parameters of a knitted fane and ae set before and calculated later very accurately for determinıng the quality of the knitted Gibbs  

THE NEEDLE

The hooked metal needle is the principal knitting element of the knitting machine Pnor to yam feeding the needle is raised to clear the old loop from the hook and to receive the new the loop above it on the needle stum The new loop is then enclosed in the needle hook as the needle starts to descend

The hook then draws the new loop down through the old loop as the latter slides over the outside of the descending bridge of the closed hook All needles must, therefore, have some method of closing the needle hook to retain the new loop and exclude the old loop

FABRIC DRAW-OFF

The fabric loops are always drawn from the needles on the side remote from their hooks When two cis of needles arc employed, either arranged vertically back-to-back or at some other angle to each other, each set of hooks will face away from the other set and the fabric will be produced and drawn away in the gap between the two sets.

TECHNICALLY UPRIGHT

Knitted fabric is technically upright when its courses run horizontally and its wales run vertically, with the heads of the needle loops facing towards the top of the fabric and the course knitted first situated at the bottom of the fabric

Knitting and type of knitting

Knitting and type of knitting

Knitting, type of knitting, Interweaving, Intertwining, Interlooping, knitting machine, knitting machine feature

There are three principal methods of mechanically manipulating yam into textile fabrics: interweaving intertwining and interloping

1.Interweaving is the intersection of two sets of straight threads, warp, and weft, which cross and interweave at right angles to cache other Weaving is by far the oldest and the most common method of producing continuous lengths of straight-edged fabric.

2. Intertwining and twisting includes a number of techniques, such as braiding and knotting, where threads are caused to intertwine with each other at right angles or some other angle.

3. Interlooping consists of forming yarn(s) into loops, each of which is typically only released after a succeeding loop has been formed and intermeshed with it so that a secure ground loop structure is achieved. The loops are also held together by the yarn passing from one to the next.

Knitted structures are progressively built-up from row after row of intermeshed loops. The newly-fed yarn is converted into a new loop in each needle hook. The needle then draws the new loop headfirst through the old (fabric) loop, which it has retained from the previous knitting cycle 

Knitted structures are progressively built-up from row after row of intermeshed loops. The newly-fed yarn is converted into a new loop in each needle hook. The needle then draws the new loop headfirst through the old (fabric) loop, which it has retained from the previous knitting cycle

 CLASSIFICATION OF KNITTING

Knitting is primarily classified as weft knitting and warp knitting.

 weft knitting

This classification is based on the direction of movement of yam with respect to the direction of fabric formation If the yarns run-in the width or crosswise direction with reference to the direction of the fabric formation during knitting, then the process of knitting is called the weft knitting. The yams in the knitted structure are just like weft yams in woven fabrics. Such structures are called weft-knitted fabrics or jersey fabrics, and the machines m which such structures are produced are called weft knitting machines.

warp knitting

In case the yams run in length direction, i.e. the direction of fabric formation during knitting, the process is called warp knitting The yarns inside the knitted fabrics are just like the warp yams in woven fabric Such knitted fabrics are called warp knitted fabrics, and the machine which produces such fabne known as warp knitting machine. Direction of movement of yarn in weft and warp knitting is shown figures. Till date, most of the fabrics we use in our daily life as apparel belong to weft knitting, and hence to knitting learners knitting means weft knitting 

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE KNITTING MACHINE

 A knitting machine is thus an apparatus for applying mechanical movement, either hand or power derived, primary knitting elements, in order to convert yam into knitted loop structures The main features of a knitting machine are as follows

1.The fame or carcass, normally free standing and either circular or rectilinear according to needle bed shape, provides the support for the majority of the machine's mechanisms

2. The machine control and drive system co-ordinates the power for the drive of the devices and mechanisms.

3 The yam supply consists of the yarn package or beam accommodation, tensioning devices, yarn feed control and yarn feed carriers or guides

4. The knitting system includes the knitting elements. their housing, drive and control. as well as associated pattern selection and garment-length control device (if equipped)

5. The fabric take-away mechanism includes fabric tensioning, wind-up and accommodation devices . The quality control system includes stop motions, fault detectors, automatic oilers and lint removal systems.